24 de marzo de 2012

La ley Marcelo

Ubaldo Padilla Pérez*
La Ley 004, de Lucha Contra la Corrupción Enriquecimiento Ilícito e Investigación de Fortunas, más conocida como Ley Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, promulgada el 31 de Marzo del 2010, es una Ley para prevenir la corrupción, investigar, procesar y sancionar a los corruptos con el fin de proteger el patrimonio del Estado y la sociedad.
Como antecedente tenemos a la Ley SAFCO (1178), que establecía 4 tipos de responsabilidades (Administrativa, ejecutiva, civil y penal) para quienes administran los recursos del Estado. Pero la Ley SAFCO no era una Ley que estuviera hecha para luchar frontalmente contra la corrupción; porque más que eso era un modelo de administración de los recursos públicos, basada en un enfoque sistémico y no porque la Ley fuera mala, sino porque no tenía un instrumento de aplicación práctica; la Ley Marcelo es ese instrumento que le faltaba a la Ley SAFCO.
La Ley Marcelo se vincula con la Ley SAFCO en lo que hace a la responsabilidad Penal por el ejercicio de la función pública establecida por esta; para ello:
En lo institucional, crea el “Consejo Nacional de Lucha Contra la Corrupción, Enriquecimiento Ilícito y Legitimación de Ganancias Ilícitas” integrado por el Ministerio de Transparencia Institucional y Lucha Contra la Corrupción, el Ministerio de Gobierno, el Ministerio Público, la Contraloría General del Estado, La Unidad de Investigaciones Financieras, la Procuraduría General del Estado y representantes de la Sociedad Civil Organizada (Control Social)
En lo Judicial, Crea 8 nuevos tipos de delitos penales denominados de corrupción (Uso indebido de bienes y servicios públicos, Enriquecimiento Ilícito, Enriquecimiento Ilícito de particulares con afectación al Estado, favorecimiento al Enriquecimiento Ilícito, Cohecho Activo Transnacional, Cohecho pasivo Transnacional, Obstrucción de la Justicia y Falsedad en la declaración jurada de bienes y rentas); agrava las penas, modifica el procedimiento estableciendo que no se suspenderá el juicio por rebeldía; que no habrá suspensión condicional de la pena ni perdón judicial y en concordancia con el Art. 112 de la Constitución Política del Estado establece que “No procederá la prescripción de la pena bajo ninguna circunstancia en delitos de corrupción”.
Además califica como delitos de corrupción a otros 25 delitos tipificados ya por el Código Penal (Peculado, malversación, cohecho pasivo propio, uso indebido de influencias, beneficios en razón del cargo, negociaciones incompatibles con el ejercicio de funciones públicas, concusión, exacciones, resoluciones contrarias a la Constitución y las leyes, incumplimiento de deberes, nombramientos ilegales, receptación proveniente de delitos de corrupción, prevaricato, cohecho pasivo de la jueza, juez o fiscal; consorcio de jueces, fiscales y/o abogados; negativa o retardo de justicia, legitimación de ganancias ilícitas, contratos lesivos al estado, incumplimiento de contratos, conducta antieconómica, infidencia económica, contribuciones y ventajas ilegítimas, contribuciones y ventajas ilegítimas de la servidora o servidor público,sociedades o asociaciones ficticias, franquicias liberaciones o privilegios ilegales)
En lo operativo,Establece la obligatoriedad de denunciar y un sistema de protección a los testigos y denunciantes; crea los Tribunales, Juzgados y Fiscales Especializados anticorrupción y al interior de la policía crea la división especializada de investigación para el apoyo a los Fiscales anticorrupción.
Desde Luego que la Ley por si sola no va a lograr nada; las leyes son instrumentos de gestión; su conocimiento nos previene que es lo que se debe y que es lo que no se debe hacer, es decir nos ayuda a hacer bien las cosas, pero también nos sanciona si la violamos por acción u omisión. Por eso el Estado tiene al frente un gran desafío, para que se pueda hacer efectiva su implementación en cuanto al funcionamiento de los organismos que la Ley crea; es más, la ciudadanía tiene también otra misión; primero tomar conocimiento de su contenido y su alcance hasta crear una cultura anticorrupción que para mi creo que sería el fin último de esta Ley.
*TS en petróleo, Comunicador y Abogado

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